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????網(wǎng)絡(luò)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)通常主要依賴于經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激來(lái)調(diào)動(dòng)參與者的積極性。為了催化與發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)生態(tài)系統(tǒng),，往往需要某種形式的平臺(tái),，但平臺(tái)開(kāi)發(fā)者通常極力拓展參與者彼此合作的能力，而不是嚴(yán)格規(guī)定他們可以做什么,、不可以做什么,。

????蘋(píng)果（Apple）的iOS應(yīng)用商店和谷歌（Google）的安卓（Android）市場(chǎng)之間的差別可供我們考量。蘋(píng)果的應(yīng)用平臺(tái)雖利潤(rùn)極為豐厚,，但并不構(gòu)成網(wǎng)絡(luò)生態(tài)系統(tǒng),。蘋(píng)果層級(jí)分明的開(kāi)發(fā)規(guī)程以及嚴(yán)格的審查程序限制了實(shí)驗(yàn)的范圍,，它還要求平臺(tái)開(kāi)發(fā)者（也就是蘋(píng)果）與參與者之間必須存在相當(dāng)程度的互動(dòng)。這一點(diǎn)給用戶帶來(lái)的好處是,，它提高可靠性,，同時(shí)還有利于恪守一定的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

????相比之下,，開(kāi)放程度很高的安卓平臺(tái)確實(shí)稱得上網(wǎng)絡(luò)生態(tài)系統(tǒng),。安卓允許開(kāi)發(fā)者更加自由地進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)、測(cè)試潛在的應(yīng)用,。這種松散而靈活的結(jié)構(gòu)意味著系統(tǒng)內(nèi)存在著相對(duì)更多的“業(yè)余級(jí)別”應(yīng)用,，但也創(chuàng)造了更多合作與創(chuàng)新的機(jī)會(huì)。

????盡管當(dāng)今的許多相關(guān)范例都來(lái)自科技公司,，但網(wǎng)絡(luò)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用并不局限于這一領(lǐng)域,。想想馬爾科姆?麥克萊恩的故事吧，上世紀(jì)50年代他只是個(gè)卡車司機(jī),。當(dāng)時(shí),，他發(fā)現(xiàn)從事運(yùn)輸行業(yè)的不同群組之間需要建立更緊密的合作。隨后,，他開(kāi)發(fā)了一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的船運(yùn)集裝箱,，并允許全行業(yè)使用這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。通過(guò)鼓勵(lì)港口管理當(dāng)局,、貨主和吊車公司投入資金,，采用支持該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的新設(shè)備和新方法，麥克萊恩就像微軟一樣,，加快了新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的普及,，并迅速變革了全球船運(yùn)行業(yè)的面貌。

????我們預(yù)計(jì),，未來(lái)這類網(wǎng)絡(luò)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)將變得更加普及,。例如，大數(shù)據(jù)（Big Data）可能成為滋生新興網(wǎng)絡(luò)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的沃土,。隨著某些公司積累的顧客行為資料越來(lái)越豐富,、詳實(shí)，這些零散的數(shù)據(jù)可用于創(chuàng)造一個(gè)“平臺(tái)”,，供參與者開(kāi)發(fā)富有創(chuàng)意的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù),。利用各個(gè)政府機(jī)構(gòu)所采集的數(shù)據(jù)的政府2.0項(xiàng)目則代表著另一種可能性，同樣有可能促成一個(gè)潛力巨大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)生態(tài)系統(tǒng),。

????網(wǎng)絡(luò)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)對(duì)當(dāng)今世界很多行業(yè)都具有重要的啟示意義。首先,，我們可以列出醫(yī)療保健,、金融服務(wù),、傳媒與能源行業(yè)，它們變革的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟,。不過(guò),，我們不應(yīng)就此止步。您所在的行業(yè)是否也已經(jīng)做好了準(zhǔn)備,，迎接這種規(guī)模的變革,？在您所處的領(lǐng)域，網(wǎng)絡(luò)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該以什么面貌出現(xiàn),？正如撞上一個(gè)華麗而結(jié)實(shí)的蜘蛛網(wǎng),，最終的結(jié)果可能會(huì)讓您大吃一驚。

????譯者：小宇

????Web ecosystems often rely primarily on economic incentives to mobilize its participants. Platforms of some sort are usually involved in catalyzing and growing web ecosystems, but the platform developer often tries to expand participants' abilities to work with each other rather than tightly specifying what they can and cannot do.

????Consider the differences between Apple's (AAPL) iOS app store to Google's (GOOG) Android marketplace. Apple's app platform, though highly profitable, does not constitute a web ecosystem. Apple's structured development regulations and rigorous screening process limit the scope for experimentation and require a significant level of interaction between the platform developer (Apple) and the participants. It offers the benefit of more reliability for its users and an adherence to certain quality standards.

????By contrast, the largely open Android platform does represent a web ecosystem. Android offers more freedom for developers to experiment and test potential applications. The relaxed and flexible structure means that a greater number of "amateur" applications are available, but it also creates many opportunities for collaboration and innovation.

????Though many of today's examples come from technology companies, the applicability of web ecosystems extends further than this domain. Consider the story of Malcolm McLean, a truck driver in the 1950s. After seeing the need for greater coordination between different groups working in shipping, McLean developed a standardized shipping container and made the standards available industry-wide. By encouraging port authorities, shippers, and crane companies to invest in new equipment and practices to support this standard, McLean, much like Microsoft, was able to speed up adoption and quickly reshape the global industry.

????We expect these web ecosystems to become more prevalent in the future. Big Data, for example, may become fertile ground for new web ecosystems. As certain companies accumulate richer and more detailed profiles of customer behavior, these bits of data can be used to create a "platform" that participants can use to develop innovative products and services. Government 2.0 projects, which make available data accumulated by various government agencies, represent another promising web ecosystem.

????Web ecosystems have meaningful implications for many industries today. For starters, we would single out health care, financial services, media, and the energy industries ripe for disruption. But let's not stop there. Is your industry ripe for change at this scale? What would a web ecosystem need to look like in your field? Like stumbling across an ornate and resilient spider web, the results might surprise you.