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????詹姆斯?歐西【論壇報(bào)業(yè)集團(tuán)旗下《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》社著名編輯、記者——譯注】新著的副標(biāo)題是“巨頭與華爾街如何聯(lián)手劫掠美國(guó)偉大報(bào)紙”,。聽(tīng)起來(lái),，這本書(shū)是個(gè)人對(duì)美國(guó)報(bào)業(yè)是如何及為何一敗涂地的一孔之見(jiàn)。

????實(shí)際上,，該書(shū)所并沒(méi)有這么宏大,，它講述的只是論壇報(bào)業(yè)公司（Tribune Company）2008年的破產(chǎn)事件。該公司是《芝加哥論壇報(bào)》（Chicago Tribune）,、洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)（Los Angeles Times）,、《奧蘭多哨兵報(bào)》（Orlando Sentinel）及其他眾多報(bào)紙和電視臺(tái)的母公司。這個(gè)故事的尾聲尤為跌宕起伏,，描寫(xiě)了芝加哥金融家山姆?澤爾孤注一擲的經(jīng)歷,。當(dāng)時(shí)，山姆冒險(xiǎn)投入了超過(guò)3億美元的自有資產(chǎn)——以及從美國(guó)各大銀行和經(jīng)紀(jì)公司借來(lái)的數(shù)十億美元代款——將論壇報(bào)業(yè)公司從股東所有的公司轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣蛦T所有的公司,。

????正如許多商業(yè)刊物的讀者所知,，澤爾將論壇報(bào)業(yè)公司的資本結(jié)構(gòu)改為雇員所有后，不到兩年就宣告失敗了,。經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)慘淡,，加之廣告收入急劇下降，公司債臺(tái)高筑,，不堪重負(fù),。在歐西和論壇報(bào)業(yè)公司其他記者看來(lái)，這一路走來(lái),，澤爾與其同僚們,，其中包括廣播公司前任高管蘭迪?邁克爾，堪稱(chēng)顏面掃地,。當(dāng)時(shí),，眾多報(bào)紙本已深陷一輪輪愈演愈烈的削減成本風(fēng)潮，而編輯部的同仁們則一直指望澤爾能兌現(xiàn)承諾,，為它們注入全新活力——以及資本,。

????可是，從歐西的講述看，澤爾的團(tuán)隊(duì)并未讓大家如愿,。他們繼續(xù)大幅削減成本,，數(shù)額高達(dá)數(shù)百萬(wàn)，同時(shí)解雇了上百位記者,。澤爾還到論壇報(bào)業(yè)系的各大報(bào)紙召開(kāi)巡回見(jiàn)面會(huì),，質(zhì)疑歷史悠久（但卻成本高昂）的新聞采集方式,，并為此屢次與記者,、編輯們惡語(yǔ)相向。

????在這一過(guò)程中,，歐西這位聲望卓著的前駐外通訊記者,、曾獲新聞大獎(jiǎng)的記者和編輯，失去了他在《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》的編輯工作,?；仡欉@段往事時(shí)，他卻為自己的所見(jiàn)所聞進(jìn)行了辯護(hù),，認(rèn)為那是報(bào)紙追求公共服務(wù)式新聞工作的職責(zé)使然,。在他看來(lái)，報(bào)紙必須揭露腐敗,，曝光不良政客,，聚焦撒謊成性的公職人員，還要為了保持民主體制的健康不惜大造輿論,。

????然而,，諸多難題卻亟待解決：廣告主開(kāi)始將越來(lái)越多的費(fèi)用投向數(shù)字媒體，報(bào)紙如何負(fù)擔(dān)格調(diào)高雅的新聞工作,？克雷格列表（Craigslist,，大型免費(fèi)分類(lèi)廣告網(wǎng)站——譯注）這樣的免費(fèi)網(wǎng)站出現(xiàn)后，人們不再認(rèn)為報(bào)紙的分類(lèi)廣告經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠,，報(bào)紙?jiān)撚檬裁磥?lái)取而代之,？

????簡(jiǎn)而言之，報(bào)紙傳統(tǒng)的報(bào)道方式行不通了,。報(bào)社必須一再自問(wèn),，對(duì)于卡特里娜颶風(fēng)或阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)這樣的事件，如果明知已有人在報(bào)道,，是否還有能力派出自己的記者前往報(bào)道,。

????針對(duì)論壇報(bào)業(yè)系的眾多報(bào)紙所存在的重疊和重復(fù)現(xiàn)象，澤爾本可以在其批評(píng)意見(jiàn)上更委婉一些,；但他卻直截了當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)了觀(guān)點(diǎn),。

????歐西承認(rèn)，沒(méi)有豐厚的利潤(rùn),，報(bào)紙就無(wú)法生存,。報(bào)紙盈利才有錢(qián)購(gòu)買(mǎi)印刷機(jī)設(shè)備,，支付員工勞動(dòng)合同并負(fù)擔(dān)前往颶風(fēng)地區(qū)及革命地區(qū)進(jìn)行報(bào)道的記者的費(fèi)用。但他也不愿認(rèn)同生存的緊迫性,，不愿意面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí),，即在收入萎縮的情況下，必須削減費(fèi)用,，而且行動(dòng)要快,。

????歐西還對(duì)集團(tuán)出版部門(mén)的調(diào)研不屑一顧。調(diào)研顯示,，大量讀者對(duì)有關(guān)卡戴珊姐妹（好萊塢明星——譯注）的緋聞趨之若鶩,，但對(duì)美國(guó)食品與藥物管理局（Food and Drug Administration）的最新丑聞卻不屑一顧。

????在年過(guò)不惑的美國(guó)人中,，很少有人能想象一個(gè)沒(méi)有報(bào)紙的世界,。在這個(gè)世界中，博客博主和自發(fā)的記者是唯一的新聞來(lái)源,，這些新聞在未經(jīng)《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》（The New York Times）或《華盛頓郵報(bào)》（The Washington Post）的高人們編輯或許可的情況下就堂而皇之地發(fā)布了,。而另一方面，30歲以下的美國(guó)人中訂閱報(bào)紙的人卻又寥寥無(wú)幾,。

????在離開(kāi)論壇報(bào)業(yè)公司后,，歐西協(xié)助創(chuàng)辦了芝加哥新聞合作社（Chicago News Cooperative）。這是一家非營(yíng)利組織,，它致力于發(fā)布公共服務(wù)類(lèi)的新聞,，即打算沖擊普利策獎(jiǎng)（Pulitzer Prizes）的那種類(lèi)型。類(lèi)似的組織目前正遍地開(kāi)花,，它們最終會(huì)找到全新的商業(yè)模式,，維系重要新聞的報(bào)道，這些報(bào)道對(duì)于保障公眾的知情權(quán),，做出明智的決策至關(guān)重要,。然而，幾乎可以肯定的是,，這一模式中不會(huì)再有印刷機(jī)的身影了,。

????譯者:清遠(yuǎn)

????James O'Shea's book, subtitled "How Moguls and Wall Street Plundered Great American Newspapers," sounds like it reads as one man's version of how and why the U.S. newspaper industry imploded.

????Actually, the book actually tells a narrower story, the 2008 bankruptcy of Tribune Company, parent of the Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, Orlando Sentinel and numerous other newspapers and television stations. Figuring prominently toward the end of O'Shea's story is Chicago-based financier Sam Zell, who risks more than $300 million of his own money -- and billions in loans from U.S. banks and brokerages -- to convert Tribune from a shareholder-owned to an employee-owned company.

????As readers of the business press know, Zell's recapitalization of Tribune as an employee-owned company tanked in less than two years. A collapsing economy and severe falloff of advertising revenue were too much to support the debt load. Along the way Zell and compatriots, including former radio executive Randy Michaels, disgraced themselves in the eyes of O'Shea and Tribune Company's journalists. The newsroom crowd was relying on Zell's promise to inject new vitality -- and capital -- into newspapers caught in cost-cutting spirals.

????Instead, according to O'Shea's telling, the Zell team spent its time cutting millions more from costs, firing hundreds of journalists and conducting a road-show to Tribune newspapers where he challenged time-honored (and costly) newsgathering practices, often engaging in profanity-laced confrontations with reporters and editors.

????O'Shea, a distinguished former foreign correspondent and prize-winning reporter and editor, lost his job as editor of The Los Angeles Times in the process. Looking back on the saga, he defends what he sees as the duty of newspapers to pursue public service journalism. In his view, newspapers must uncover corruption, expose crooked politicians, shine a spotlight on lying public servants and generally raise hell to keep democracy healthy.

????But here are a few conundrums: How can newspapers afford high-brow journalism when advertisers shift more and more spending to digital media? How do newspapers replace classified advertising that's been rendered uneconomic by free sites like Craigslist?

????The short answer is that newspapers no longer can afford to cover the news as they once did. More and more they must ask themselves if they can afford to send their own reporters to cover Hurricane Katrina or the war in Afghanistan in light of others who are already doing it.

????Zell could have been more diplomatic in his critiques of the overlap and duplication at Tribune newspapers; but he had a point.

????O'Shea acknowledges that newspapers can't exist without robust profits needed to buy printing presses, pay Teamster contracts and cover the cost of reporters traveling to hurricanes and revolutions. But he also doesn't come to terms with the imperative to survive, the iron-clad reality that spending must fall -- and quickly -- when revenue shrivels.

????The author also despises the surveys from the publishing side of the house showing that many readers are seeking gossip about the Kardashian sisters and couldn't care less about the latest scandal at the Food and Drug Administration.

????Few Americans over the age of 40 can imagine a world without newspapers, in which bloggers and self-appointed reporters are the sole source of news, presented without editing or approval from the solons at The New York Times or The Washington Post. On the other hand, few Americans under the age of 30 subscribe to newspapers.

????O'Shea, after leaving Tribune, has helped found Chicago News Cooperative, a non-profit dedicated to producing public service journalism, the kind meant to win Pulitzer Prizes. Similar ventures are popping up here and there; eventually a new business model will be found that will support the important stories that are crucial to helping an informed public make good decisions. That model almost certainly won't involve a printing press.