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如何把比特幣傳給下一代?難度很大

Jason Karsh
2025-03-08

比特幣需構(gòu)建便捷安全的傳承機(jī)制。

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比特幣價(jià)格很難回到去年11月美國(guó)大選結(jié)束之后的高點(diǎn),。圖片來(lái)源:Illustrated by Fortune Staff

Microstrategy公司的億萬(wàn)富翁首席執(zhí)行官邁克爾·塞勒曾表示,他去世時(shí)會(huì)帶走自己近18,000枚比特幣的私鑰,,讓這些比特幣永遠(yuǎn)鎖定在區(qū)塊鏈上,,退出流通領(lǐng)域。

不妨將塞勒的計(jì)劃視為對(duì)比特幣未來(lái)的“傳遞善意”之舉,。通過(guò)銷毀私鑰,,他既增加了比特幣的稀缺性,也可能提升其價(jià)值——這種系統(tǒng)層面的數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)踐,,與比爾·蓋茨和沃倫·巴菲特倡導(dǎo)的“終極慈善”理念有異曲同工之妙,。

但大多數(shù)加密貨幣持有者并不像塞勒這般無(wú)私。因?yàn)閷?duì)許多人而言,,購(gòu)買比特幣的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)之一就是積累跨代際的財(cái)富,。

但比特幣不同于其他大多數(shù)資產(chǎn),尤其在繼承規(guī)劃方面,。你的親人能否繼承和如何繼承你的比特幣,,遠(yuǎn)非指定一名受益人那么簡(jiǎn)單,,這完全取決于你當(dāng)前的選擇。

傳統(tǒng)金融資產(chǎn)容易繼承,,加密貨幣公司卻設(shè)置障礙

假設(shè)你擁有儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶,、持有股票、個(gè)人名下有401k或個(gè)人退休賬戶(IRA)以及若干不動(dòng)產(chǎn),,你在銀行和券商處都已指定受益人,,并在遺囑中明確了資產(chǎn)分配。盡管這需要履行法律程序,,但傳統(tǒng)金融機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)此早已駕輕就熟,。最終結(jié)果是,當(dāng)那一天來(lái)臨時(shí),,你的股票和其他投資將通過(guò)成熟完善的流程,,順利分配給繼承人。

但存放在交易所的比特幣則截然不同,。在調(diào)研多家主流交易所的繼承政策后,,我驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)這類政策往往形同虛設(shè)。

現(xiàn)實(shí)是,,當(dāng)前大多數(shù)主流加密交易所都不支持指定比特幣繼承人——這更多反映了該行業(yè)尚處幼年期的現(xiàn)狀,。盡管遺囑中指定的繼承人理論上可以主張資產(chǎn)繼承權(quán),但具體流程復(fù)雜且困難重重,。

多數(shù)交易所處理繼承請(qǐng)求時(shí)要求提供海量文件,。有些需要你在遺囑中指明賬戶信息(這既需要遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)又要承擔(dān)安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)),有些則需要額外的法院令狀,。所有流程都冗長(zhǎng)繁瑣,,有時(shí)需要與客服反復(fù)溝通超過(guò)一年。這對(duì)號(hào)稱"未來(lái)貨幣"的加密資產(chǎn)而言實(shí)在不夠體面,。

自主管理加密貨幣繼承:高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與高成本

當(dāng)然,并非所有比特幣持有者都將資產(chǎn)存放于交易所,。許多人使用硬件錢包或紙質(zhì)/金屬錢包離線保管私鑰,。這種高度安全的存儲(chǔ)方式,卻給遺產(chǎn)繼承帶來(lái)了新挑戰(zhàn)——就像某人將裝滿現(xiàn)金的保險(xiǎn)箱埋在一個(gè)安全的地方所帶來(lái)的繼承難題一樣,。

如果你選擇自主保管,,你的繼承人通常需要:1)詳細(xì)的比特幣錢包訪問(wèn)指南;或者2)助記詞(用于恢復(fù)錢包的隨機(jī)單詞組合),。這兩者若落入他人之手,,都可能成為“比特幣盜竊指南”(即便你尚在人世)。

即便繼承人成功破解你留下的“藏寶圖”,,人為失誤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)依然巨大,。PIN碼或密碼輸入多次錯(cuò)誤,,就可能導(dǎo)致親人永遠(yuǎn)失去訪問(wèn)權(quán)限,無(wú)意中將本屬于他們的比特幣捐獻(xiàn)給“邁克爾·塞勒比特幣基金”,。

現(xiàn)有的第三方繼承方案亦非完美:有的收費(fèi)高昂,;有的需要高超技術(shù)能力;有的要求將助記詞托管給第三方——這又為惡意攻擊者盜竊你的資產(chǎn)開(kāi)辟了新的入侵途徑,。

構(gòu)建便捷安全的比特幣傳承機(jī)制

失去親人已足夠痛苦,,繼承加密資產(chǎn)不應(yīng)雪上加霜。理想的加密資產(chǎn)繼承方案應(yīng)具備:便于繼承人獲取遺產(chǎn)的合理容錯(cuò)機(jī)制,,同時(shí)確保在世時(shí)的資產(chǎn)安全,。

Block公司開(kāi)發(fā)的Bitkey提供了一種自主托管的新范式。用戶可以直接指定加密貨幣的受益人,,將原本繁瑣的行業(yè)通用流程,,轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)持有者及其(可能完全不懂加密貨幣的)繼承人都直觀易用的方案。此類工具的普及將提升用戶體驗(yàn),,助力比特幣真正成為我們期待的跨代際長(zhǎng)效資產(chǎn),。

本文作者杰森·卡什現(xiàn)任Block公司業(yè)務(wù)、Proto及Bitkey總監(jiān),。

Fortune.com上發(fā)表的評(píng)論文章中表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn),,僅代表作者本人的觀點(diǎn),不代表《財(cái)富》雜志的觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng),。

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

Microstrategy公司的億萬(wàn)富翁首席執(zhí)行官邁克爾·塞勒曾表示,,他去世時(shí)會(huì)帶走自己近18,000枚比特幣的私鑰,讓這些比特幣永遠(yuǎn)鎖定在區(qū)塊鏈上,,退出流通領(lǐng)域,。

不妨將塞勒的計(jì)劃視為對(duì)比特幣未來(lái)的“傳遞善意”之舉。通過(guò)銷毀私鑰,,他既增加了比特幣的稀缺性,,也可能提升其價(jià)值——這種系統(tǒng)層面的數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)踐,與比爾·蓋茨和沃倫·巴菲特倡導(dǎo)的“終極慈善”理念有異曲同工之妙,。

但大多數(shù)加密貨幣持有者并不像塞勒這般無(wú)私,。因?yàn)閷?duì)許多人而言,購(gòu)買比特幣的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)之一就是積累跨代際的財(cái)富,。

但比特幣不同于其他大多數(shù)資產(chǎn),,尤其在繼承規(guī)劃方面。你的親人能否繼承和如何繼承你的比特幣,,遠(yuǎn)非指定一名受益人那么簡(jiǎn)單,,這完全取決于你當(dāng)前的選擇。

傳統(tǒng)金融資產(chǎn)容易繼承,,加密貨幣公司卻設(shè)置障礙

假設(shè)你擁有儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶,、持有股票,、個(gè)人名下有401k或個(gè)人退休賬戶(IRA)以及若干不動(dòng)產(chǎn),你在銀行和券商處都已指定受益人,,并在遺囑中明確了資產(chǎn)分配,。盡管這需要履行法律程序,但傳統(tǒng)金融機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)此早已駕輕就熟,。最終結(jié)果是,,當(dāng)那一天來(lái)臨時(shí),你的股票和其他投資將通過(guò)成熟完善的流程,,順利分配給繼承人,。

但存放在交易所的比特幣則截然不同。在調(diào)研多家主流交易所的繼承政策后,,我驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)這類政策往往形同虛設(shè),。

現(xiàn)實(shí)是,當(dāng)前大多數(shù)主流加密交易所都不支持指定比特幣繼承人——這更多反映了該行業(yè)尚處幼年期的現(xiàn)狀,。盡管遺囑中指定的繼承人理論上可以主張資產(chǎn)繼承權(quán),,但具體流程復(fù)雜且困難重重。

多數(shù)交易所處理繼承請(qǐng)求時(shí)要求提供海量文件,。有些需要你在遺囑中指明賬戶信息(這既需要遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)又要承擔(dān)安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)),,有些則需要額外的法院令狀。所有流程都冗長(zhǎng)繁瑣,,有時(shí)需要與客服反復(fù)溝通超過(guò)一年,。這對(duì)號(hào)稱"未來(lái)貨幣"的加密資產(chǎn)而言實(shí)在不夠體面。

自主管理加密貨幣繼承:高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與高成本

當(dāng)然,,并非所有比特幣持有者都將資產(chǎn)存放于交易所,。許多人使用硬件錢包或紙質(zhì)/金屬錢包離線保管私鑰。這種高度安全的存儲(chǔ)方式,,卻給遺產(chǎn)繼承帶來(lái)了新挑戰(zhàn)——就像某人將裝滿現(xiàn)金的保險(xiǎn)箱埋在一個(gè)安全的地方所帶來(lái)的繼承難題一樣,。

如果你選擇自主保管,你的繼承人通常需要:1)詳細(xì)的比特幣錢包訪問(wèn)指南,;或者2)助記詞(用于恢復(fù)錢包的隨機(jī)單詞組合),。這兩者若落入他人之手,都可能成為“比特幣盜竊指南”(即便你尚在人世),。

即便繼承人成功破解你留下的“藏寶圖”,,人為失誤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)依然巨大,。PIN碼或密碼輸入多次錯(cuò)誤,,就可能導(dǎo)致親人永遠(yuǎn)失去訪問(wèn)權(quán)限,無(wú)意中將本屬于他們的比特幣捐獻(xiàn)給“邁克爾·塞勒比特幣基金”,。

現(xiàn)有的第三方繼承方案亦非完美:有的收費(fèi)高昂,;有的需要高超技術(shù)能力,;有的要求將助記詞托管給第三方——這又為惡意攻擊者盜竊你的資產(chǎn)開(kāi)辟了新的入侵途徑。

構(gòu)建便捷安全的比特幣傳承機(jī)制

失去親人已足夠痛苦,,繼承加密資產(chǎn)不應(yīng)雪上加霜,。理想的加密資產(chǎn)繼承方案應(yīng)具備:便于繼承人獲取遺產(chǎn)的合理容錯(cuò)機(jī)制,同時(shí)確保在世時(shí)的資產(chǎn)安全,。

Block公司開(kāi)發(fā)的Bitkey提供了一種自主托管的新范式,。用戶可以直接指定加密貨幣的受益人,將原本繁瑣的行業(yè)通用流程,,轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)持有者及其(可能完全不懂加密貨幣的)繼承人都直觀易用的方案,。此類工具的普及將提升用戶體驗(yàn),助力比特幣真正成為我們期待的跨代際長(zhǎng)效資產(chǎn),。

本文作者杰森·卡什現(xiàn)任Block公司業(yè)務(wù),、Proto及Bitkey總監(jiān)。

Fortune.com上發(fā)表的評(píng)論文章中表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn),,僅代表作者本人的觀點(diǎn),,不代表《財(cái)富》雜志的觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)。

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

The billionaire CEO of Microstrategy, Michael Saylor, has said that, when he dies, he will take the keys to his nearly 18,000 bitcoins with him, leaving his coins locked up on-chain and out of circulation forever.

Think of Saylor’s plans as a pay-it-forward gesture to Bitcoin’s future. By burning his keys, he’ll contribute to Bitcoin’s scarcity and potentially its value–a kind of systems-level, digital economy variation on the style of end-of-life philanthropy encouraged by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett.

Most other crypto owners, however, are not as altruistic as Saylor. That’s because, for many people, one of the main reasons for buying Bitcoin is to build generational wealth.

But Bitcoin isn’t like most other assets, particularly when it comes to succession planning. How and whether your loved ones get your bitcoin when you die can be a lot more involved than simply naming a beneficiary–and has everything to do with choices that you make today.

Banks make it easy to inherit, crypto firms do not

Say you have a savings account, hold some stocks, have a 401k or IRA in your name, and/or own some property. You’ve named a beneficiary at your bank(s) and brokerage(s) and laid out who gets what in your will. While this process may create a legal duty, it’s of the kind that legacy financial institutions deal with every day. The end result is that, when your time comes, your stocks and other investments are distributed to your heirs according to a smooth and well-established process.

That’s not the case with Bitcoin you hold on an exchange. Seriously. I looked into the beneficiary policies of several popular exchanges and, to my disbelief, discovered such policies are often non-existent.

The reality for now is that it’s not possible to designate an heir for the bitcoins you hold on most major crypto exchanges–a fact that is likely more a function of the industry’s youth than anything else. And while it is possible for the folks in your will to lay claim to your assets when you pass, the processes for doing so vary and they’re not exactly easy.

Most exchanges require a large amount of documentation before they will make good on a beneficiary request. Some ask you to have the foresight (and security risk appetite) to write your account number in your will. Some require a separate court order. And they all tend to be lengthy, sometimes taking more than a year of back and forth with customer service to complete. Not a great look for the future of money.

DIY crypto inheritance: risky and expensive

Not every Bitcoin holder keeps their coins on an exchange, of course. Many keep their keys offline, in a hardware wallet or on a paper or steel wallet. While this offers a very high degree of security, it also creates its own set of challenges when it comes to succession–the kind of challenges you might face if someone buried a safe full of cash in a safe location.

If you opt for one of these self-custody options, your heir will typically need either: 1) detailed access instructions on how to open your Bitcoin wallet; or 2) your seed phrase—the random set of words, which will let them recreate the wallet. In the wrong hands, either could function as a kind of “how to steal your bitcoin” kit for anyone who might find it (even while you’re still alive).

And if your heir does manage to follow your treasure map, there’s plenty of room for human error. A few errant PIN or passphrase attempts and your loved ones could get locked out forever, inadvertently adding what should be their coins to the Michael Saylor bitcoin donation fund.

Some third-party inheritance solutions do exist, but they aren’t perfect: some are costly; some require advanced technical skills to implement; and some require you to trust a third party with your seed phrase, which may open up new vectors for malicious actors to steal your assets.

Time for an easy, secure way to pass on your bitcoin

Losing a loved one is hard enough. Inheriting their coins shouldn’t make it harder. When it comes to a crypto inheritance, the best solutions will make it easy for heirs to collect what’s theirs when you’re gone, with room for human error baked in, without compromising the security of your coins while you’re alive.

At Block, we’ve built Bitkey, a new form factor for self custody that gives users the ability to name a beneficiary for their coins, making what has been and still largely is a cumbersome process industry-wide into something intuitive and easy not just for bitcoin holders, but for their heirs, who might not have any exposure to crypto at all until they inherit it., The more common tools like this become, the better off consumers will be, and the more likely it is that bitcoin will become the enduring, generational asset many of us believe it to be.

Jason Karsh is head of Business, Proto and Bitkey at Block. The opinions expressed in Fortune.com commentary pieces are solely the views of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and beliefs of Fortune.

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