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知名投資人:今天美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)依賴于最富有的10%人群

IRINA IVANOVA
2025-03-03

三十多年來,,高收入消費(fèi)人群對(duì)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響力從未如此之大,。

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? Bleakley Financial Group的彼得·布克瓦爾(Peter Boockvar)寫道,,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)表面上或許呈現(xiàn)出繁榮景象,,但實(shí)際上,它僅由三大支柱支撐:富人的消費(fèi),、政府的支出以及與人工智能有關(guān)的一切,。特朗普政府削減開支及征收關(guān)稅的計(jì)劃,目前至少對(duì)其中兩大支柱構(gòu)成了威脅,。

長(zhǎng)期以來,,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)一直由消費(fèi)者推動(dòng)。然而最近,,僅有十分之一的消費(fèi)者在為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)提供動(dòng)力——這一跡象表明美國(guó)的強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng)態(tài)勢(shì)可能變得岌岌可危,。

穆迪(Moody 's)在一份首次與《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》分享的分析報(bào)告中發(fā)現(xiàn),美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)高收入消費(fèi)者的依賴程度從未像現(xiàn)在這樣高,,收入最高的10%人群的消費(fèi)支出幾乎占所有消費(fèi)者支出的一半,。相比之下,當(dāng)政府35年前首次開始追蹤這一數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),,這一高收入群體的消費(fèi)支出在總支出中的占比還僅為略多于三分之一,。

穆迪首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家馬克·贊迪(Mark Zandi)對(duì)《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》表示:“富裕階層的財(cái)務(wù)狀況之優(yōu)渥、消費(fèi)能力之強(qiáng)勁,,均達(dá)到了前所未有的水平,,而經(jīng)濟(jì)也從未像現(xiàn)在這樣依賴這一群體?!?

Bleakley Financial Group首席投資官彼得·布克瓦爾在最近的一份報(bào)告中指出,,這是個(gè)問題,因?yàn)楦蝗说南M(fèi)是所謂的支撐美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的三大支柱之一,。

布克瓦爾寫道:“美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng)依賴于三大支柱,,而其余大部分領(lǐng)域則呈現(xiàn)出增長(zhǎng)疲軟之態(tài),。其一,高收入人群的消費(fèi),;其二,,與人工智能相關(guān)的所有支出,包括數(shù)據(jù)中心建設(shè),;其三,,與地方、州和聯(lián)邦政府支出相關(guān)的開支,,無論是與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),、《芯片和科學(xué)法案》、《通脹削減法案》,、聯(lián)邦醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn),、醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助計(jì)劃,,還是轉(zhuǎn)移支付有關(guān),。”

《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》指出,,富人在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中的影響力是前所未有的,。收入最高的10%人群(即年收入25萬美元及以上的人群)如今占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的近三分之一?!度A爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》稱,,這要?dú)w咎于持續(xù)的通貨膨脹,導(dǎo)致所有其他收入群體削減開支,,而最富有的群體卻在增加支出,。

布克瓦爾在接受《財(cái)富》雜志采訪時(shí)表示,在“高收入人群的消費(fèi),,以及《通脹削減法案》,、《芯片和科學(xué)法案》”和其他形式的政府支出的共同作用下,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在原本可能陷入衰退的艱難時(shí)期中得以擺脫困境,。

布克瓦爾表示,,最富有的人群與其他群體拉開差距有兩大原因。首先,,他們通常擁有更多的儲(chǔ)蓄,,而在當(dāng)前約4.5%的收益率環(huán)境下,這些儲(chǔ)蓄為他們帶來了相當(dāng)可觀的收入流,。布克瓦爾說:“他們還受益于估值頗高的股市和房?jī)r(jià),。”

所謂的“財(cái)富效應(yīng)”,,即股票和房產(chǎn)價(jià)值上漲促使消費(fèi)者增強(qiáng)消費(fèi)意愿,,這一點(diǎn)已經(jīng)得到了廣泛驗(yàn)證,。但最近的研究表明,這一效應(yīng)的影響正在日益加劇,。換言之,,即便是股市的微小波動(dòng),也能顯著提振普通消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)意愿,。

然而,,這也意味著經(jīng)濟(jì)特別容易受到波動(dòng)的影響。

布克瓦爾表示:“如果標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)的點(diǎn)位是4000點(diǎn)而非6000點(diǎn),,那么消費(fèi)者支出就不會(huì)像現(xiàn)在這樣強(qiáng)勁,。如果股市下跌,人們就會(huì)取消郵輪旅行和度假計(jì)劃,?!?/p>

事實(shí)上,市場(chǎng)情緒已呈現(xiàn)出一定的惡化趨勢(shì),,上個(gè)月包括最富有人群在內(nèi)的所有收入群體的消費(fèi)者信心都出現(xiàn)了下滑,。

事實(shí)上,布克瓦爾現(xiàn)在對(duì)高收入人群消費(fèi)所依托的股市根基提出了質(zhì)疑,。最近人工智能相關(guān)發(fā)展所驅(qū)動(dòng)的美股科技七巨頭股價(jià)大幅上漲的趨勢(shì)可能即將結(jié)束,。

他表示:“當(dāng)前股市面臨的挑戰(zhàn)在于,‘美股七巨頭’已不再是驅(qū)動(dòng)股市收益的主導(dǎo)因素,。在我看來,,市場(chǎng)正在發(fā)生重大輪動(dòng)?!?/p>

這意味著,,政府支出成為了僅剩的主要支柱,然而,,特朗普政府的預(yù)算目標(biāo)及政策重點(diǎn),,讓人們對(duì)第三大支柱的穩(wěn)固性產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈懷疑。眾議院共和黨人提議削減美國(guó)規(guī)模最大的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃——醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助計(jì)劃,,并廢除多項(xiàng)拜登執(zhí)政時(shí)期的成果,。布克瓦爾表示,《通脹削減法案》及其為清潔能源項(xiàng)目所提供的資金支持尤其處于危險(xiǎn)境地,。

他說:“政府支出會(huì)引發(fā)連鎖反應(yīng)——如果政府赤字減少,,企業(yè)的盈余也會(huì)隨之減少;而盈余減少則意味著利潤(rùn)減少,?!北M管他認(rèn)為從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看,削減赤字在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是明智之舉,但短期內(nèi)會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,。不過,,他補(bǔ)充道:“我們還需要審視削減的金額究竟是多少?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:中慧言-王芳

? Bleakley Financial Group的彼得·布克瓦爾(Peter Boockvar)寫道,,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)表面上或許呈現(xiàn)出繁榮景象,但實(shí)際上,,它僅由三大支柱支撐:富人的消費(fèi),、政府的支出以及與人工智能有關(guān)的一切。特朗普政府削減開支及征收關(guān)稅的計(jì)劃,,目前至少對(duì)其中兩大支柱構(gòu)成了威脅,。

長(zhǎng)期以來,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)一直由消費(fèi)者推動(dòng),。然而最近,,僅有十分之一的消費(fèi)者在為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)提供動(dòng)力——這一跡象表明美國(guó)的強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng)態(tài)勢(shì)可能變得岌岌可危。

穆迪(Moody 's)在一份首次與《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》分享的分析報(bào)告中發(fā)現(xiàn),,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)高收入消費(fèi)者的依賴程度從未像現(xiàn)在這樣高,,收入最高的10%人群的消費(fèi)支出幾乎占所有消費(fèi)者支出的一半。相比之下,,當(dāng)政府35年前首次開始追蹤這一數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),,這一高收入群體的消費(fèi)支出在總支出中的占比還僅為略多于三分之一,。

穆迪首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家馬克·贊迪(Mark Zandi)對(duì)《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》表示:“富裕階層的財(cái)務(wù)狀況之優(yōu)渥,、消費(fèi)能力之強(qiáng)勁,均達(dá)到了前所未有的水平,,而經(jīng)濟(jì)也從未像現(xiàn)在這樣依賴這一群體,。”

Bleakley Financial Group首席投資官彼得·布克瓦爾在最近的一份報(bào)告中指出,,這是個(gè)問題,,因?yàn)楦蝗说南M(fèi)是所謂的支撐美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的三大支柱之一。

布克瓦爾寫道:“美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng)依賴于三大支柱,,而其余大部分領(lǐng)域則呈現(xiàn)出增長(zhǎng)疲軟之態(tài),。其一,高收入人群的消費(fèi),;其二,,與人工智能相關(guān)的所有支出,包括數(shù)據(jù)中心建設(shè),;其三,,與地方、州和聯(lián)邦政府支出相關(guān)的開支,無論是與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),、《芯片和科學(xué)法案》,、《通脹削減法案》、聯(lián)邦醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn),、醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助計(jì)劃,,還是轉(zhuǎn)移支付有關(guān)?!?

《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》指出,,富人在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中的影響力是前所未有的。收入最高的10%人群(即年收入25萬美元及以上的人群)如今占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的近三分之一,?!度A爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》稱,這要?dú)w咎于持續(xù)的通貨膨脹,,導(dǎo)致所有其他收入群體削減開支,,而最富有的群體卻在增加支出。

布克瓦爾在接受《財(cái)富》雜志采訪時(shí)表示,,在“高收入人群的消費(fèi),,以及《通脹削減法案》、《芯片和科學(xué)法案》”和其他形式的政府支出的共同作用下,,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在原本可能陷入衰退的艱難時(shí)期中得以擺脫困境,。

布克瓦爾表示,最富有的人群與其他群體拉開差距有兩大原因,。首先,,他們通常擁有更多的儲(chǔ)蓄,而在當(dāng)前約4.5%的收益率環(huán)境下,,這些儲(chǔ)蓄為他們帶來了相當(dāng)可觀的收入流,。布克瓦爾說:“他們還受益于估值頗高的股市和房?jī)r(jià)?!?

所謂的“財(cái)富效應(yīng)”,,即股票和房產(chǎn)價(jià)值上漲促使消費(fèi)者增強(qiáng)消費(fèi)意愿,這一點(diǎn)已經(jīng)得到了廣泛驗(yàn)證,。但最近的研究表明,,這一效應(yīng)的影響正在日益加劇。換言之,,即便是股市的微小波動(dòng),,也能顯著提振普通消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)意愿。

然而,,這也意味著經(jīng)濟(jì)特別容易受到波動(dòng)的影響,。

布克瓦爾表示:“如果標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)的點(diǎn)位是4000點(diǎn)而非6000點(diǎn),那么消費(fèi)者支出就不會(huì)像現(xiàn)在這樣強(qiáng)勁。如果股市下跌,,人們就會(huì)取消郵輪旅行和度假計(jì)劃,。”

事實(shí)上,,市場(chǎng)情緒已呈現(xiàn)出一定的惡化趨勢(shì),,上個(gè)月包括最富有人群在內(nèi)的所有收入群體的消費(fèi)者信心都出現(xiàn)了下滑。

事實(shí)上,,布克瓦爾現(xiàn)在對(duì)高收入人群消費(fèi)所依托的股市根基提出了質(zhì)疑,。最近人工智能相關(guān)發(fā)展所驅(qū)動(dòng)的美股科技七巨頭股價(jià)大幅上漲的趨勢(shì)可能即將結(jié)束。

他表示:“當(dāng)前股市面臨的挑戰(zhàn)在于,,‘美股七巨頭’已不再是驅(qū)動(dòng)股市收益的主導(dǎo)因素,。在我看來,市場(chǎng)正在發(fā)生重大輪動(dòng),?!?/p>

這意味著,政府支出成為了僅剩的主要支柱,,然而,,特朗普政府的預(yù)算目標(biāo)及政策重點(diǎn),讓人們對(duì)第三大支柱的穩(wěn)固性產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈懷疑,。眾議院共和黨人提議削減美國(guó)規(guī)模最大的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃——醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助計(jì)劃,,并廢除多項(xiàng)拜登執(zhí)政時(shí)期的成果。布克瓦爾表示,,《通脹削減法案》及其為清潔能源項(xiàng)目所提供的資金支持尤其處于危險(xiǎn)境地,。

他說:“政府支出會(huì)引發(fā)連鎖反應(yīng)——如果政府赤字減少,企業(yè)的盈余也會(huì)隨之減少,;而盈余減少則意味著利潤(rùn)減少,。”盡管他認(rèn)為從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看,,削減赤字在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是明智之舉,但短期內(nèi)會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,。不過,,他補(bǔ)充道:“我們還需要審視削減的金額究竟是多少?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:中慧言-王芳

? The U.S. economy may look rosy on the surface, but under the hood, it’s supported by just three pillars, writes Bleakley Financial Group’s Peter Boockvar: spending by the rich, spending by the government, and anything to do with artificial intelligence. The Trump administration’s plan to slash spending and impose tariffs now threatens at least two of those pillars.

America’s economy has long been powered by the consumer. Lately, though, just one out of 10 consumers is powering the expansion—a sign America’s robust growth could be teetering.

Moody’s, in an analysis first shared with the Wall Street Journal, found the U.S. economy has never been as dependent on high-income spenders as it is today, with the top 10% responsible for nearly half of all consumer spending. In contrast, when the government first started tracking the data 35 years ago, the top 10% drove just over one-third of spending.

“The finances of the well-to-do have never been better, their spending never stronger and the economy never more dependent on that group,” Moody’s chief economist Mark Zandi told the Journal.

That’s a problem, noted Peter Boockvar, chief investment officer of Bleakley Financial Group, in a recent note, because rich people’s spending is one of three so-called pillars holding up the economy.

“[T]he strength in the US economy has rested on three pillars, with lackluster growth most everywhere else. One, upper income spending, two, anything related to AI spend including data center construction, and three, anything related to local, state and federal government spending, whether that is related to infrastructure, the Chips Act, the (Inflation Reduction Act), Medicare, Medicaid and transfer payments,” Boockvar wrote.

The sway of the rich is unprecedented in modern times, the Journal noted. The top 10% of earners—those making $250,000 a year or more—now account for nearly one-third of GDP. Blame persistent inflation, which led all other income groups to cut back their spend even as the richest increased, the Journal wrote.

During what might otherwise have been a recession, “upper-income spending lifted the economy off the mat, along with the IRA, the CHIPS act” and other forms of government spending, Boockvar told Fortune.

There’s two big reasons the richest are pulling away from the rest, Boockvar said. First, they tend to have more savings, and current yields of about 4.5% make for a tidy little income stream. “They’re also benefiting from the highly valued stock market and home prices,” Boockvar said.

The so-called “wealth effect,” in which rising stocks and home values make consumers more inclined to spend, has been well-documented, but recent research suggests its effects have grown larger. In other words, it only takes a small swing in stocks to make the average consumer feel a lot more spendy.

That also, however, means the economy is uniquely vulnerable to volatile swings.

“If the S&P 500 were at 4,000 instead of 6,000, consumer spending would not be as robust as it is now,” Boockvar said. “You’ll have cruises that are cancelled and vacations that are cancelled if the stock market fell.”

Already, the vibes have soured somewhat, with consumer sentiment last month taking a dive among all income groups, including the wealthiest.

Indeed, Boockvar is now questioning the stock-market foundations of upper-income spending. The recent trend of AI-related developments driving outsize gains in the Magnificent Seven tech stocks could be coming to an end.

“The challenge with the stock market right now is it’s losing the Magnificent Seven as a dominant driver of stock market returns,” he said. “To me, there’s a major rotation going on.”

That leaves government spending—and the Trump administration’s budget goals and policy priorities— have sown strong doubts as to the strength of that third pillar. House Republicans have proposed slashing Medicaid, the largest health insurance program in the country, as well as repealing a number of Biden-era accomplishments. The Inflation Reduction Act and the cash it directed toward building out clean-energy projects is particularly at risk, Boockvar said.

“There’s a ripple effect for government spending–if there’s less government deficit, there’s less corp surplus; less surplus means less profits,” he said. While he believes shrinking the deficit is economically prudent in the long run, it will have negative short-term consequences. But “we’ll have to see what the actual dollar amounts are,” he added.

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