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股市噩夢來襲:若利率上行,,到2028年標普可能都無利可圖

Shawn Tully
2021-02-20

利率不會一直維持在目前的極低水平,,一旦上漲,可能令投資標普500無利可圖,。

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樂觀的投資者正在撒一個彌天大謊:當前的股價是合理的,因為利率將永遠維持在超低水平,。放棄這種幻想吧,,因為他們的理由站不住腳。我們只是在重演當債券收益率超低時的情形,。利率會上漲,,股市會大幅下跌,未來幾年投資大盤股能夠獲得微薄收益都算是幸運,。

沃倫?巴菲特經常談論利率對股票市場的影響,。對投資者而言,重要的并不是他們從股票中獲得的總收益,,而是大盤股的收益率與持有國債帶來的相對安全的收益率之間的差距,。10年期國債的收益率越低,投資者和基金經理就越愿意為標普500指數基金以及或多或少與指數掛鉤的藍籌股投資組合支付更高的價格,。

2月12日,,樂觀的投資者將標普500指數推至新高,收于3945點,。他們堅定地認為,,今天的超低利率證明目前過高甚至進入泡沫區(qū)間的市場估值是合理的。他們認為,,只要將這些超低收益折算成未來收益即可,。你會發(fā)現,你為獲取每一美元收益投入的資金都是有道理的,,盡管你要為之付出很高的成本,,而且它甚至為標普指數留出了繼續(xù)上漲的空間,。

樂觀投資者的主張中包含了一種有問題的假設:至少60年以來前所未有的超低利率將長期維持下去。投資者認為,,股票之所以有較高的估值,,是因為股票依舊比債券更有投資價值。但這種觀點并不準確,,除非你假設通脹調整后的“實際”債券收益率依舊會長期維持在今天的負區(qū)間,。這種情況以前沒有,以后也不會發(fā)生,。簡而言之,,未來應該根據預測利率而不是當下的利率將收益進行折現。華爾街寧愿相信,,10年期國債的收益落后于通脹是新常態(tài),。但事實并非如此。

目前,,按照截至2020年第四季度的過去四個季度的每股收益,,標普500指數的市盈率倍數為40。這個極高的市盈率倍數具有欺騙性,,因為它體現的是新冠肺炎疫情導致的2020年年中的嚴重下跌,。美國國會預算辦公室(Congressional Budget Office)預測,美國GDP將在2021年年中恢復到疫情之前的增長速度,。所以,,我們預測在國民收入恢復正常后,每股收益也會隨之反彈,。2019年年底的每股收益為139.47美元,。

按照“正常化”數據來計算,,標普500指數的市盈率倍數為28.3(3945點除以139.47美元),。因此,標普500指數的凈收益率,,即你可能獲得的股息和價格上漲比率,,為3.53%。再加上2%的通貨膨脹率,,只要市盈率倍數維持在28左右,,年收益率就有望達到5.53%。收益率分為兩部分:股息收益率為1.58%,,而通過收益再投資產生的收益增長率約為4%,。

這樣的數字雖然聽起來無法令人滿意,但已經好于實際情況,因為10年期國債的收益率只有1.09%,。我們將計算通脹調整后的數字,,因為市盈率倍數取決于“實際”收益率。目前的通貨膨脹率為1.65%,,這意味著長期債券收益率為-0.56%,。難怪債券看上去毫無吸引力。這樣的收益甚至不足以支付商場超市上漲的物價,。但對債券不利的因素卻有利于股票,。經過通脹調整后的股票收益率比債券高出4%。這意味著,,股票的實際預期收益率3.53%比長期債券收益率-0.56%高出4%以上,。從歷史數據來看,4%是相當大的差距,。

但如果債券價格維持在超低水平,,而且股票市盈率倍數依舊是較高的28,投資者的實際年收益率就只有3.53%,。除非你假設未來將長期執(zhí)行今天的負實際利率,,否則你很難甚至根本無法證明今天的估值是合理的。如果長期維持負實際利率,,對未來收益就將繼續(xù)采用極低的貼現率,,并且當下的股價依舊是可以接受的,。

但歷史事實和國會預算辦公室最近的預測都告訴我們:利率不會一直維持在目前的極低水平,。這在短期內不可能發(fā)生。但國會預算辦公室預測的2026年長期債券收益率約為2.1%,,到2028年上漲到約3.0%,,至2031年達到3.5%左右。

假設在七年后的2028年年初,,投資者希望將股票收益率與債券收益率的差距維持在4%,。國會預算辦公室預測此時的通脹率為2.1%。因此,,“實際”收益率將從-0.56%上漲到0.9%,。將0.9%與4%相加得出股票收益率4.9%。4.9%代表未來通脹調整后的股票收益率,。因此,,股票收益率需要從今天的3.53%上漲至4.9%。只有市盈率倍數下降到20.4,,實際收益率才能夠達到4.9%,。所以,在標普500指數投資100美元,可以獲得4.90美元收益(加上通貨膨脹2.00美元),。

假設投資者在這七年內不出售任何股票,。在此期間,年平均股息收益率為1.8%,。但如果市盈率倍數從28.3下降到20.4,,接近8個點的降幅使投資者只能獲得微不足道的回報。投資組合的價值幾乎與今天的股票價值相當,。你的總收益只有1.8%的股息收入,。押注標普指數意味著趕不上通貨膨脹的上漲速度。購買股票的最佳時機是利率超高而市盈率倍數極低的情景,。

但今天的情況卻截然相反,。所以,還是疫情時期人們常說的那句話:要相信科學,。還有,,放棄幻想吧。(財富中文網)

翻譯:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

樂觀的投資者正在撒一個彌天大謊:當前的股價是合理的,,因為利率將永遠維持在超低水平,。放棄這種幻想吧,因為他們的理由站不住腳,。我們只是在重演當債券收益率超低時的情形,。利率會上漲,股市會大幅下跌,,未來幾年投資大盤股能夠獲得微薄收益都算是幸運,。

沃倫?巴菲特經常談論利率對股票市場的影響。對投資者而言,,重要的并不是他們從股票中獲得的總收益,,而是大盤股的收益率與持有國債帶來的相對安全的收益率之間的差距。10年期國債的收益率越低,,投資者和基金經理就越愿意為標普500指數基金以及或多或少與指數掛鉤的藍籌股投資組合支付更高的價格,。

2月12日,樂觀的投資者將標普500指數推至新高,,收于3945點,。他們堅定地認為,今天的超低利率證明目前過高甚至進入泡沫區(qū)間的市場估值是合理的,。他們認為,,只要將這些超低收益折算成未來收益即可。你會發(fā)現,,你為獲取每一美元收益投入的資金都是有道理的,,盡管你要為之付出很高的成本,而且它甚至為標普指數留出了繼續(xù)上漲的空間。

樂觀投資者的主張中包含了一種有問題的假設:至少60年以來前所未有的超低利率將長期維持下去,。投資者認為,,股票之所以有較高的估值,是因為股票依舊比債券更有投資價值,。但這種觀點并不準確,,除非你假設通脹調整后的“實際”債券收益率依舊會長期維持在今天的負區(qū)間。這種情況以前沒有,,以后也不會發(fā)生,。簡而言之,未來應該根據預測利率而不是當下的利率將收益進行折現,。華爾街寧愿相信,,10年期國債的收益落后于通脹是新常態(tài)。但事實并非如此,。

目前,,按照截至2020年第四季度的過去四個季度的每股收益,標普500指數的市盈率倍數為40,。這個極高的市盈率倍數具有欺騙性,,因為它體現的是新冠肺炎疫情導致的2020年年中的嚴重下跌。美國國會預算辦公室(Congressional Budget Office)預測,,美國GDP將在2021年年中恢復到疫情之前的增長速度,。所以,我們預測在國民收入恢復正常后,,每股收益也會隨之反彈,。2019年年底的每股收益為139.47美元。

按照“正?;睌祿碛嬎?,標普500指數的市盈率倍數為28.3(3945點除以139.47美元)。因此,,標普500指數的凈收益率,即你可能獲得的股息和價格上漲比率,,為3.53%,。再加上2%的通貨膨脹率,只要市盈率倍數維持在28左右,,年收益率就有望達到5.53%,。收益率分為兩部分:股息收益率為1.58%,而通過收益再投資產生的收益增長率約為4%,。

這樣的數字雖然聽起來無法令人滿意,,但已經好于實際情況,因為10年期國債的收益率只有1.09%。我們將計算通脹調整后的數字,,因為市盈率倍數取決于“實際”收益率,。目前的通貨膨脹率為1.65%,這意味著長期債券收益率為-0.56%,。難怪債券看上去毫無吸引力,。這樣的收益甚至不足以支付商場超市上漲的物價。但對債券不利的因素卻有利于股票,。經過通脹調整后的股票收益率比債券高出4%,。這意味著,股票的實際預期收益率3.53%比長期債券收益率-0.56%高出4%以上,。從歷史數據來看,,4%是相當大的差距。

但如果債券價格維持在超低水平,,而且股票市盈率倍數依舊是較高的28,,投資者的實際年收益率就只有3.53%。除非你假設未來將長期執(zhí)行今天的負實際利率,,否則你很難甚至根本無法證明今天的估值是合理的,。如果長期維持負實際利率,對未來收益就將繼續(xù)采用極低的貼現率,,并且當下的股價依舊是可以接受的,。

但歷史事實和國會預算辦公室最近的預測都告訴我們:利率不會一直維持在目前的極低水平。這在短期內不可能發(fā)生,。但國會預算辦公室預測的2026年長期債券收益率約為2.1%,,到2028年上漲到約3.0%,至2031年達到3.5%左右,。

假設在七年后的2028年年初,,投資者希望將股票收益率與債券收益率的差距維持在4%。國會預算辦公室預測此時的通脹率為2.1%,。因此,,“實際”收益率將從-0.56%上漲到0.9%。將0.9%與4%相加得出股票收益率4.9%,。4.9%代表未來通脹調整后的股票收益率,。因此,股票收益率需要從今天的3.53%上漲至4.9%,。只有市盈率倍數下降到20.4,,實際收益率才能夠達到4.9%。所以,,在標普500指數投資100美元,,可以獲得4.90美元收益(加上通貨膨脹2.00美元),。

假設投資者在這七年內不出售任何股票。在此期間,,年平均股息收益率為1.8%,。但如果市盈率倍數從28.3下降到20.4,接近8個點的降幅使投資者只能獲得微不足道的回報,。投資組合的價值幾乎與今天的股票價值相當,。你的總收益只有1.8%的股息收入。押注標普指數意味著趕不上通貨膨脹的上漲速度,。購買股票的最佳時機是利率超高而市盈率倍數極低的情景,。

但今天的情況卻截然相反。所以,,還是疫情時期人們常說的那句話:要相信科學,。還有,放棄幻想吧,。(財富中文網)

翻譯:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

The bulls are making a whopper of a claim: that stock prices are reasonable because rates will stay incredibly low forever. Discard that fantasy, and their rationale collapses. We’re in for a replay of what always happens when bond yields become super-slender. Rates will rise, and equities will languish so badly that on big caps, you’ll be lucky to pocket piddling returns in the years ahead.

Warren Buffett often talks about how interest rates exert a gravitational pull on stocks. What matters to investors isn’t the so much the total return they get from equities; it’s the margin on what, say, big-cap stocks offer over the relative safety of holding Treasuries. The less the 10-year is yielding, the higher the price folks and money managers are willing to pay for an S&P 500 index fund, or a blue-chip portfolio that more or less tracks the index.

The bulls who pushed the S&P 500 to a record close of 3945 on Feb. 12 swear that today’s incredibly low rates justify valuations that look overly stretched, if not hovering in bubble territory. Just discount back future earnings incorporating these super-low yields, they argue. You’ll find that the dollars you’re paying for each dollar in profits, though it looks high, makes sense, and even leaves air space for the S&P to push higher.

The optimists’ manifesto contains a faulty assumption: That by far the lowest rates in at least 60 years are here to stay. The idea is that stocks can stay this expensive because they’ll remain so much better than bonds. But that’s only true if you posit that “real” yields, adjusted for inflation, remain in today’s negative territory pretty much forever. It’s never happened before and won’t happen going forward. Put simply, earnings should be discounted back not depending on today’s rates, but projected rates going forward. Wall Street would rather believe that a 10-year Treasury paying less than inflation is the new normal. It’s not.

Right now, the P/E multiple for the S&P 500, based on the past four quarters of EPS through Q4 of 2020, stands at 40. That’s deceivingly high, reflecting the severe drop in mid-2020 caused by the COVID crisis. The Congressional Budget Office projects that U.S. GDP will regain its pre-pandemic reading in mid-2021. So let’s predict that when national income returns to that norm, so do profits, which stood at $139.47 per share at the close of 2019.

Using that “normalized” number, the S&P is selling at a P/E of 28.3 (3945 divided by $139.47). Hence, the S&P earnings yield, the dollars you can expect to pocket in dividends and price appreciation, is 3.53%. Add 2% inflation, and you can expect to garner 5.53% a year, so long as the P/E holds constant at around 28. That return comes in two buckets: the dividend yield of 1.58%, and earnings growth, courtesy of plowed-back profits, of nearly 4%.

That number doesn’t sound great. But it’s better than it looks, because the yield on the 10-year Treasury is just 1.09%. We’ll do the calculations adjusted for inflation, since it’s the “real” numbers that set P/E multiples. Inflation is now running at 1.65%, meaning the long bond yield is a negative 0.56%. No wonder bonds appear so unattractive. They don’t even keep you whole with prices at the mall and supermarket. But what makes bonds look bad makes stocks look better. Stocks are beating bonds, adjusted for inflation, by 4%. That is, the 3.53% real expected return exceeds the long bond yield that’s 0.56% underwater by just over 4%. Based on history, that 4% is a pretty good margin.

But you only keep logging those 3.53% (real) yearly returns if bonds stay incredibly cheap and the P/E remains at a lofty 28. It’s hard if not impossible to justify today’s valuations unless you assume that today’s negative real rates are permanent. If that’s the case, then the discount rate applied to future profits will remain extraordinarily low, and today’s stock prices look just fine.

But rates won’t remain at today’s bargain levels. That’s what both history and the Congressional Budget Office’s most recent forecast tell us. It won’t happen for a while. But the CBO projects a long bond yield of around 2.1% in 2026, rising to roughly 3.0% in 2028, and into the mid-3s by 2031.

Let’s assume investors will want to keep that 4% edge over bonds seven years from now, in early 2028. The CBO predicts inflation will be running at 2.1%. Hence, the “real” yield will jump from minus 0.56% to plus 0.9%. Add that number to the 4% margin, and you get 4.9%. That 4.9% is what stocks can be expected to pay you in the future, adjusted for inflation. Hence, the earnings yield would need to go from today’s 3.53% to 4.9%. And the real earnings yield can only be 4.9% if the P/E drops to 20.4. Then you’d be getting $4.90 (plus inflation of, say, $2.00) for every $100 you invest in the S&P 500.

We’ll assume you don’t sell any stock over those seven years. During that period, you’d get an annual average of 1.8% from dividends. But the almost eight-point drop in multiple from 28.3 to 20.4 would leave you with a minuscule return. The value of your portfolio would be almost exactly where it is today. Your total return would be that 1.8% from dividends. Betting on the S&P means losing to inflation. The best time to buy stocks is when rates are extremely high and P/Es are in the dumps.

Today’s scenario is the exact opposite. So, as they say in the COVID era, follow the science. And forget the fantasy.

財富中文網所刊載內容之知識產權為財富媒體知識產權有限公司及/或相關權利人專屬所有或持有,。未經許可,禁止進行轉載,、摘編,、復制及建立鏡像等任何使用。
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