上周四發(fā)表的一篇新報(bào)告指出,，機(jī)器人有可能使女性的同工不同酬問(wèn)題變得更糟糕，這讓縈繞在自動(dòng)化概念周?chē)念檻]和不確定性變得更加突出,。

該報(bào)告題為《管理數(shù)字時(shí)代的自動(dòng)化就業(yè),、收入差距和倫理》（Managing automation Employment, inequality and ethics in the digital age），由英國(guó)公共政策研究所（IPPR）撰寫(xiě),。這家研究所在報(bào)告中指出,，在女性從事的工作中，46.8%的工作具有實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化的技術(shù)潛力,，高于男性的40.9%,，原因是女性更有可能進(jìn)入技術(shù)水平低的“可自動(dòng)化”崗位。再加上女性在有望獲得科技完善的技術(shù)工種中占比偏低,，自動(dòng)化有可能擴(kuò)大男女收入差距,。

IPPR認(rèn)為：“自動(dòng)化不一定帶來(lái)大規(guī)模失業(yè)，但讓財(cái)富和收入差距加速擴(kuò)大的可能性更高,?！?

它指出，由于自動(dòng)化所取代的往往是收入低于平均線的女性勞動(dòng)者,，所以剛開(kāi)始有可能縮小性別收入差距,，（經(jīng)合組織最新數(shù)據(jù)表明，英國(guó)的男女收入差距為17.1%,，美國(guó)為18.9%）,。但要繼續(xù)縮小男女收入差距，這些被取代的女性勞動(dòng)者再就業(yè)時(shí)的收入就得接近其他已就業(yè)女性的平均薪酬,。在IPPR看來(lái),，不大可能出現(xiàn)這樣的情況。一些由女性主導(dǎo)的行業(yè)（如零售店,、托兒所和養(yǎng)老院）在提高生產(chǎn)率方面的投資不斷減少,，原因可能是目前的勞動(dòng)力成本是如此之低。

這就意味著這些行業(yè)可能不會(huì)遭到顛覆,，從而讓現(xiàn)有女性勞動(dòng)者一直從事低報(bào)酬工作,，而且有可能從其他實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化的行業(yè)吸收女性就業(yè)者,。IPPR指出，此外,，完善人類(lèi)工作的技術(shù)有可能提高部分頂薪勞動(dòng)者的工資,，而這些人較有可能是男性，從而“造成更大的收入差距”,。

2017年早些時(shí)候普華永道曾發(fā)表過(guò)一篇研究報(bào)告,。IPPR這篇探討英國(guó)就業(yè)市場(chǎng)的報(bào)告提出了和前者相反的觀點(diǎn)。普華永道分析認(rèn)為,，受自動(dòng)化影響較大的是男性,，而非女性。

普華永道的這篇報(bào)告名為《機(jī)器人會(huì)偷走我們的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)嗎,？自動(dòng)化對(duì)英國(guó)及其他主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體的影響》（Will robots steal our jobs? The potential impact of automation on the U.K. and other major economies）,。該公司在報(bào)告中稱(chēng)：“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，平均而言男性面臨的崗位自動(dòng)化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大,，特別是那些文化程度低的男性,。” 普華永道得出此項(xiàng)結(jié)論的理由是在男性勞動(dòng)者集中的交通運(yùn)輸,、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)和制造業(yè),，技術(shù)顛覆的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，普華永道發(fā)現(xiàn)35%的男性勞動(dòng)者面臨的自動(dòng)化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,，女性為26%,。

IPPR呼吁通過(guò)政策干預(yù)來(lái)解決它所說(shuō)的這場(chǎng)不斷迫近的危機(jī)。否則,，“自動(dòng)化帶來(lái)的生產(chǎn)率紅利就可能引發(fā)‘富足悖論’,，也就是說(shuō)，我們生產(chǎn)的越多,，公平分享的就越少”,。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

譯者：Charlie

審校：夏林

A new report published Thursday suggests that robots could make the gender pay gap even worse, stoking existing fears and uncertainty around the concept of automation.

In a paper titled “Managing automation Employment, inequality and ethics in the digital age,” the Institute for Public Policy Research argued that a greater share of jobs that women hold—46.8% versus 40.9% for men—have the technical potential to be automated since female workers are more likely to hold low-skill “automatable” occupations. Paired with women’s underrepresentation in high-skill occupations that may be complemented by technology, that means that automation could exacerbate gender inequality.

“Automation,” IPPR says, “is more likely to accelerate inequalities of wealth and income than create a future of mass joblessness.”

Initially, IPPR says, automation could narrow the gender pay gap since it would displace women from jobs that tend to earn below-average pay. (According to the latest OECD data, the gender wage gap in the U.K. is 17.1%; in the U.S., it’s 18.9%.) But that progress would remain only if displaced women re-entered the labor market at around the new average salary for their gender. That’s unlikely, IPPR says. Some industries dominated by women (such as retail or child and elderly care) are seeing less investment in productivity-raising technology, perhaps because the current human labor is so cheap.

That means those sectors may not be disrupted, leaving existing female workers in the low-paying positions and potentially absorbing female workers from other automating industries. On top of that, technology that complements human work is likely to raise wages of some of the highest earners—who are more likely to be men—”leading to greater wage disparity,” according to IPPR.

The report, which examined the U.K. labor market, serves as a sort of counterpoint to a study published earlier this year by PricewaterhouseCoopers. In its analysis, PwC argued the opposite: that men, rather than women, would bear the brunt of automation.

“On average, we find that men and, in particular, those with lower levels of education…are at greater risk of job automation,” PwC said in its report titled, “Will robots steal our jobs? The potential impact of automation on the U.K. and other major economies.” In drawing its conclusion, PwC cited men’s concentration in transportation and storage and manufacturing jobs that are ripe for technological disruption. All told, PwC found that 35% of men’s jobs had a high risk of automation compared to 26% of women’s.

The IPPR, for its part, called for policy intervention to address the looming crisis it has identified. Without it, “the productivity dividends of automation could create a ‘paradox of plenty,’ in which we produce more, yet it is less equally share.”