????由清華大學(xué)副教授滕飛主持的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,，近20年來(lái)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)飛速發(fā)展所引發(fā)的最嚴(yán)重的副作用是污染問(wèn)題：中國(guó)14億人口中超過(guò)70%生活在污染級(jí)別高于國(guó)家規(guī)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的環(huán)境中,；其中，超過(guò)10%的人生活在有害顆粒濃度10倍于世界衛(wèi)生組織安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的環(huán)境中,。

????此項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告強(qiáng)調(diào),，當(dāng)前嚴(yán)峻的污染和健康問(wèn)題刻不容緩,，引起了國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)工業(yè)排放問(wèn)題的廣泛討論。相比之下,，西方國(guó)家已經(jīng)開(kāi)始關(guān)注長(zhǎng)期氣候變化的影響,。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查無(wú)疑向政府敲響了一記警鐘：中國(guó)必須改變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的方向，不再倚重能源密集型和出口導(dǎo)向的制造業(yè),。

????作為排放污染最嚴(yán)重的化石燃料,，煤炭占中國(guó)主要能源供應(yīng)量的三分之二以上。雖然中國(guó)政府已經(jīng)開(kāi)始嘗試采取一些措施,，以減少對(duì)煤炭的依賴(lài),，例如禁止在東部較為發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)開(kāi)采新礦，但是根據(jù)美國(guó)官方的預(yù)計(jì),，到2040年煤炭仍將占中國(guó)能源供應(yīng)總量的50%以上,。

????這份調(diào)查為人們提供了更多依據(jù)來(lái)呼吁政府采取更多措施，提高整治速度,。據(jù)《南華早報(bào)》（South China Morning Post）報(bào)道,，滕飛建議將現(xiàn)有的燃煤排污費(fèi)提高5到10倍，以體現(xiàn)煤炭的真實(shí)成本,。

????該調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),，2012年，與污染中懸浮微粒,，特別是2.5微克以下的懸浮粒子（俗稱(chēng)PM2.5）有關(guān)的四大病癥——中風(fēng),、肺癌、冠心病和慢性阻塞性肺病導(dǎo)致的過(guò)早死亡約為67萬(wàn)例,。

????《南華早報(bào)》援引北京大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院的李國(guó)興（Li Guoxing——音譯）的觀點(diǎn)稱(chēng),，實(shí)際數(shù)字可能還要高得多。

????“因?yàn)槲覀兊难芯繑?shù)據(jù)有一定局限性,，調(diào)查報(bào)告中的健康成本是根據(jù)過(guò)早死亡人數(shù)來(lái)測(cè)算的?！崩顕?guó)興指出,，“如果將慢性病的醫(yī)療成本也算進(jìn)去，這個(gè)數(shù)字還要高得多,?！?/p>

????調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，2012年有超過(guò)70%的中國(guó)人生活在PM2.5年均值高于國(guó)家健康空氣質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)（每立方米35微克）的環(huán)境中,；其中1.57億人生活在PM2.5年均值超過(guò)每立方米100微克的環(huán)境中,，這一數(shù)字是世衛(wèi)組織發(fā)布的空氣質(zhì)量建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的10倍。

????據(jù)中國(guó)煤炭工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)（China National Coal Association）統(tǒng)計(jì),，今年前九個(gè)月國(guó)內(nèi)煤炭消耗總量為30.3億公噸,，同比下降1.2%,。而據(jù)新華社報(bào)道，國(guó)內(nèi)煤炭產(chǎn)量下降至28.5億噸,。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

????譯者：南風(fēng)

????審校：Patti

????A new study has revealed the staggering cost of China’s dependence on coal to power its economy: 670,000 deaths in one year alone.

????The study, by Tsinghua University associate professor TengFei, lays bare the extent of the country’s pollution problem that is the darkest side effect of the country’s rapid growth over the last 20 years: over 70% of China’s 1.4 billion population are exposed to pollution levels above national regulatory norms, and over 10% are exposed to concentrations of harmful particles 10 times the level considered safe by the U.N.’s World Health Organization.

????The study underlines how immediate and pressing pollution and public health issues are driving the discussion in China over industrial emissions, in contrast to considerations of long-term climate change prevalent in the West. It’s also a powerful reminder of why Beijing is trying to re-orient its economy away from energy-intensive, export-oriented manufacturing.

????Coal, by far the “dirtiest” of the major fossil fuels in terms of emissions, accounts for over two-thirds of China’s primary energy supply. Although Beijing has taken tentative steps to reduce its importance, such as banning the development of new coal mines in the country’s more developed eastern provinces, coal will still be over 50% of total energy supply even in 2040, according to official U.S. estimates.

????Teng’s study will strengthen the arguments of those pressing the government to do more, faster. Teng suggested that taxes on coal need to be raised between five and ten times to reflect the real cost of burning it, according to the South China Morning Post.

????The study found that tiny particulate pollutants, especially those smaller than 2.5 micrograms (known as PM2.5), were linked to 670,000 premature deaths from four diseases – strokes, lung cancer, coronary heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – in China in 2012.

????But the actual cost is probably far higher, the SCMP quoted Li Guoxing of Beijing University’s School of Public Health as saying.

????“The health cost [of the study] is only based on the premature death figures due to the limitations of our research data,” said Li. “It could be way higher if we also include medical costs for other chronic illnesses.”

????The study found that in 2012, more than 70% of the population was exposed to annual PM2.5 pollution levels higher than 35 micrograms per cubic meter, the country’s benchmark for healthy air quality. And 157 million people lived in areas where the annual PM2.5 concentration was higher than 100mcg/cubic meter – 10 times the WHO’s recommendation.

????According to the China National Coal Association, the country’s coal consumption totaled 3.03 billion metric tons in the first nine months of this year, down 1.2% from a year earlier. Domestic production fell to 2.85 billion tons, according to the Xinhua News Agency.