????我們上次造訪阿布扎比酋長(zhǎng)國(guó)沙漠之中的在建節(jié)能之城馬斯達(dá)爾時(shí),，它不過是建筑師們紙上談兵的一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃,。而如今,，馬斯達(dá)爾學(xué)院（Masdar Institute）已經(jīng)竣工,，而且投入運(yùn)營(yíng)，比鄰而居的是西門子（Siemens）中東總部的環(huán)保節(jié)能大樓,，而各類商店和餐館則如雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn)，其中包括一家壽司餐廳,、一間書店和一家有機(jī)食品超市。迄今為止,，相較于傳統(tǒng)的中東樓宇,，馬斯達(dá)爾的樓宇已成功降低了56%的能源需求以及54%的飲用水需求。最為令人印象深刻的是這座小型城市目前完全實(shí)現(xiàn)了可再生能源發(fā)電,。馬斯達(dá)爾的電力供應(yīng)全部來自一座裝機(jī)容量為10兆瓦的本地太陽(yáng)能光伏電廠以及一套裝機(jī)容量為1兆瓦的屋頂式太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電機(jī)組,。

????馬斯達(dá)爾可持續(xù)發(fā)展部門主管納瓦爾?阿爾-霍薩尼說：“我們?cè)诮ㄔ斐鞘械倪^程中不斷進(jìn)行各種新技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn),，從中總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。樓宇建造的各個(gè)階段環(huán)環(huán)相扣,。”實(shí)際上,，整個(gè)工程的推進(jìn)相當(dāng)棘手,。舉個(gè)例子，阿爾-霍薩尼說,，他們?cè)瓉硐胍ㄟ^搭接城市地下潛水面，而不是從異地運(yùn)水入城,，以達(dá)到節(jié)約用水（節(jié)省開支）的效果——這是中東地區(qū)較普遍的做法。而當(dāng)工程師發(fā)現(xiàn)地下水的含鹽量大大超過海水時(shí),，他們便改變了方向,，目前正在研究如何建造一座太陽(yáng)能海水脫鹽工廠。

????馬斯達(dá)爾的節(jié)能成效在很大程度上源自于智能設(shè)計(jì),。街道的布局緩解了盛夏的日照,。步道和廣場(chǎng)也偏離南向而建,，而且配有遮陽(yáng)篷和林蔭。樓宇外部采用反光率最小化的材料,。阿爾-霍薩尼稱,，這座城市比一般城區(qū)要涼快40度。

????馬斯達(dá)爾是阿布扎比酋長(zhǎng)國(guó)政府將石油收益投資于綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)的計(jì)劃的一部分,。人們可以把它堪稱一所將可持續(xù)性理念付諸實(shí)踐檢驗(yàn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。項(xiàng)目將比預(yù)期推遲幾年完成,。目前尚不清楚所應(yīng)用技術(shù)是否帶來了經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)。但它真正的目標(biāo)是研究如何將綠色理念付諸于一座宜居的沙漠城市,。

????馬斯達(dá)爾不僅僅是一座普通的城市，但很多人都忽視了這一點(diǎn),。馬斯達(dá)爾學(xué)院與麻省理工（MIT）協(xié)同合作,，擁有337名來自全球各地的碩士研究生和博士研究生，致力于研究進(jìn)一步實(shí)現(xiàn)能源,、建筑,、水資源和食品可持續(xù)發(fā)展的方法,。馬斯達(dá)爾項(xiàng)目旗下的投資公司Masdar Capital在全球范圍內(nèi)支持清潔技術(shù)項(xiàng)目，旨在盡早涉足有前景的新興可持續(xù)性技術(shù),。馬斯達(dá)爾還設(shè)立了一項(xiàng)獎(jiǎng)金總額為400萬(wàn)美元的扎耶德未來能源獎(jiǎng)（Zayed Future Energy Prize）,，類似于聞名于世的埃克斯獎(jiǎng)（X-Prize）,。每年，馬斯達(dá)爾將該獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)授予在可再生能源和可持續(xù)性領(lǐng)域展現(xiàn)杰出領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的公司和個(gè)人,。誰(shuí)能說得準(zhǔn)呢,？沒準(zhǔn)有一天，這些公司和個(gè)人帶來的某些理念就會(huì)在馬斯達(dá)爾城成為現(xiàn)實(shí),。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

????譯者：Ella

????The last time we visited Masdar -- the green city being built in the desert sands of Abu Dhabi -- the project wasn't much more than an architect's scheme. Fast-forward and what you'll find is an operating university, the Masdar Institute, and nearby the energy-saving Middle East headquarters tower of Siemens, plus various shops and restaurants -- including a sushi joint, a bookstore, and an organic supermarket. To date, Masdar's buildings reduce energy demand by 56% and potable water demand by 54% compared to traditional Middle Eastern structures. What's perhaps most impressive is that the small city is currently powered 100% by renewables. Electricity is generated by a 10-megawatt solar PV plant located on-site and a rooftop solar PV installation totaling 1 megawatt.

????Nawal Al-Hosany, the director of sustainability at Masdar says: "As we build the city we're constantly experimenting with a lot of new technology, and we're constantly learning from the process. Each new phase of building enforces the next." Indeed. This is tricky business. As an example, Al-Hosany says that they originally wanted to conserve water (and save money) by tapping the water table beneath the city instead of shipping it in -- which is common in the Middle East. When the engineers found that the groundwater was many times saltier than seawater, they switched gears and are now researching how to build a solar-powered desalination plant for seawater.

????Much of the energy savings at Masdar come from smart design. Street layouts mitigate the effects of the hot summer sun. Walkways and plazas are oriented away from the south and contain awnings and shade trees. Building exteriors use materials to minimize reflected sun. Al-Hosany says the cityscape is as much as 40 degrees cooler than a conventional urban area.

????Masdar is an effort on the part of the government of Abu Dhabi to invest its oil dollars in a greener future. Think of it as a lab where sustainable ideas can be tested. The project will now take a couple of years longer to finish than first thought. And so far, it's not clear whether any of the technology being deployed has an economic payback. The goal, however, is to learn how to integrate green ideas into a livable desert city.

????What many miss is that Masdar is more than a city. At Masdar Institute, a university operated in conjunction with MIT, 337 masters and PhD candidates from all over the world are studying ways to make our energy, buildings, water, and food more sustainable. Masdar Capital, the project's investment arm, backs clean-tech projects around the world, hoping to get in early on promising new sustainable technologies. Masdar even has a $4 million award program -- the Zayed Future Energy Prize -- like the vaunted X-Prize. Each year it recognizes companies and individuals who show leadership in renewable energy and sustainability. And who knows? Maybe someday a few of those notions will end up in Masdar City.